Main content Glutathione

    Glutathione



    Uses

    What Are "Star" Ratings?

    Our proprietary “Star-Rating” system was developed to help you easily understand the amount of scientific support behind each supplement in relation to a specific health condition. While there is no way to predict whether a vitamin, mineral, or herb will successfully treat or prevent associated health conditions, our unique ratings tell you how well these supplements are understood by the medical community, and whether studies have found them to be effective for other people.

    For over a decade, our team has combed through thousands of research articles published in reputable journals. To help you make educated decisions, and to better understand controversial or confusing supplements, our medical experts have digested the science into these three easy-to-follow ratings. We hope this provides you with a helpful resource to make informed decisions towards your health and well-being.

    3 Stars Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.

    2 Stars Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.

    1 Star For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support.

    This supplement has been used in connection with the following health conditions:

    Used for Why
    1 Star
    Colon Cancer
    Refer to label instructions
    Preliminary research suggests that glutathione might have anticancer activity by binding with cancer-causing agents or by acting as an antioxidant.

    Glutathione is an Reference antioxidant made in the body, found in some foods, and available as a supplement. Preliminary research suggests that glutathione might have anticancer activity by binding with cancer causing agents or by acting as an antioxidant.

    In a preliminary report, 11 patients with late-stage or terminal colon cancer were given 800 mg of glutathione twice per day for at least three months.1 After an average of 21 weeks, three had died, four others did not improve, and four “recovered with normal diet [and] increased weight. . . . Three of the four were able to return home.” In that report, glutathione was combined with the amino acid cysteine and with anthocyans—a type of flavonoid. More research is needed to evaluate whether glutathione is an effective agent for use in connection with treatment of people with late-stage colon cancer.

    How It Works

    How to Use It

    There is very little evidence that taking glutathione supplements provides any benefit, despite promising evidence about the effects of aerosol, intravenous, and intramuscular glutathione, for people with a wide variety of conditions. People who have a proven glutathione deficiency, which may require administration of glutathione intravenously, intramuscularly, or by aerosol, should be treated by a healthcare professional. All ovarian cancer patients currently taking Reference cisplatin (Platinol®) should discuss using intravenous glutathione with a healthcare professional.

    Where to Find It

    Dietary glutathione is found in fresh and frozen fruits and vegetables, fish, and meat.2Asparagus, avocado, and walnuts are particularly rich dietary sources of glutathione.

    Possible Deficiencies

    A deficiency can be the result of diseases that increase the need for glutathione, deficiencies of the Reference amino acids needed for synthesis, or diseases that inhibit glutathione formation.3 Examples of some health conditions that are associated with glutathione deficiency include Reference diabetes, Reference low sperm counts, liver disease, Reference cataracts, and Reference HIV infection, respiratory distress syndrome, cancer, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Cigarette smoking is also associated with low glutathione levels because it increases the rate of utilization of glutathione.

    Interactions

    Interactions with Supplements, Foods, & Other Compounds

    At the time of writing, there were no well-known supplement or food interactions with this supplement.

    Interactions with Medicines

    Certain medicines interact with this supplement.

    Reference What Are Drug Interactions
    Types of interactions: Beneficial Adverse Check

    Replenish Depleted Nutrients

    • none

    Reduce Side Effects

    • Reference Cyclophosphamide

      Intravenous injections of the antioxidant, Reference glutathione, may protect the bladder from damage caused by cyclophosphamide. Preliminary evidence suggests, but cannot confirm, a protective action of glutathione in the bladders of people on cyclophosphamide therapy.4 There is no evidence that glutathione taken by mouth has the same benefits.

      The interaction is supported by preliminary, weak, fragmentary, and/or contradictory scientific evidence.
    • Reference Thiotepa

      High-dose cisplatin therapy is associated with kidney toxicity and damage, which may be reduced by glutathione administration.5 , 6 , 7 , 8 Nerve damage is another frequent complication of high amounts of cisplatin. Preliminary evidence has shown that glutathione injections may protect nerve tissue during cisplatin therapy without reducing cisplatin’s anti-tumor activity.9 , 10 , 11 There is no evidence that glutathione taken by mouth has the same benefits.

      The interaction is supported by preliminary, weak, fragmentary, and/or contradictory scientific evidence.

    Support Medicine

    • none

    Reduces Effectiveness

    • none

    Potential Negative Interaction

    • none

    Explanation Required

    • Reference Busulfan

      High-dose cisplatin chemotherapy is associated with kidney toxicity and damage, which may be reduced by glutathione administration.12 , 13 , 14 , 15 Nerve damage is another frequent complication of high amounts of cisplatin. Preliminary evidence has shown that glutathione injections may protect nerve tissue during cisplatin therapy without reducing cisplatin’s anti-tumor activity.16 , 17 , 18 There is no evidence that glutathione taken by mouth has the same benefits.

    • Reference Capecitabine

      High-dose cisplatin chemotherapy is associated with kidney toxicity and damage, which may be reduced by glutathione administration.19 , 20 , 21 , 22 Nerve damage is another frequent complication of high amounts of cisplatin. Preliminary evidence has shown that glutathione injections may protect nerve tissue during cisplatin therapy without reducing cisplatin’s anti-tumor activity.23 , 24 , 25 There is no evidence that glutathione taken by mouth has the same benefits.

    • Reference Carboplatin

      High-dose cisplatin chemotherapy is associated with kidney toxicity and damage, which may be reduced by glutathione administration.26 , 27 , 28 , 29 Nerve damage is another frequent complication of high amounts of cisplatin. Preliminary evidence has shown that glutathione injections may protect nerve tissue during cisplatin therapy without reducing cisplatin’s anti-tumor activity.30 , 31 , 32 There is no evidence that glutathione taken by mouth has the same benefits.

    • Reference Carmustine

      High-dose cisplatin chemotherapy is associated with kidney toxicity and damage, which may be reduced by glutathione administration.33 , 34 , 35 , 36 Nerve damage is another frequent complication of high amounts of cisplatin. Preliminary evidence has shown that glutathione injections may protect nerve tissue during cisplatin therapy without reducing cisplatin’s anti-tumor activity.37 , 38 , 39 There is no evidence that glutathione taken by mouth has the same benefits.

    • Reference Chlorambucil

      High-dose cisplatin chemotherapy is associated with kidney toxicity and damage, which may be reduced by glutathione administration.40 , 41 , 42 , 43 Nerve damage is another frequent complication of high amounts of cisplatin. Preliminary evidence has shown that glutathione injections may protect nerve tissue during cisplatin therapy without reducing cisplatin’s anti-tumor activity.44 , 45 , 46 There is no evidence that glutathione taken by mouth has the same benefits.

    • Reference Cladribine

      High-dose cisplatin chemotherapy is associated with kidney toxicity and damage, which may be reduced by glutathione administration.47 , 48 , 49 , 50 Nerve damage is another frequent complication of high amounts of cisplatin. Preliminary evidence has shown that glutathione injections may protect nerve tissue during cisplatin therapy without reducing cisplatin’s anti-tumor activity.51 , 52 , 53 There is no evidence that glutathione taken by mouth has the same benefits.

    • Reference Cytarabine

      High-dose cisplatin chemotherapy is associated with kidney toxicity and damage, which may be reduced by glutathione administration.54 , 55 , 56 , 57 Nerve damage is another frequent complication of high amounts of cisplatin. Preliminary evidence has shown that glutathione injections may protect nerve tissue during cisplatin therapy without reducing cisplatin’s anti-tumor activity.58 , 59 , 60 There is no evidence that glutathione taken by mouth has the same benefits.

    • Reference Erlotinib

      High-dose cisplatin chemotherapy is associated with kidney toxicity and damage, which may be reduced by glutathione administration.61 , 62 , 63 , 64 Nerve damage is another frequent complication of high amounts of cisplatin. Preliminary evidence has shown that glutathione injections may protect nerve tissue during cisplatin therapy without reducing cisplatin’s anti-tumor activity.65 , 66 , 67 There is no evidence that glutathione taken by mouth has the same benefits.

    • Reference Etoposide

      High-dose cisplatin chemotherapy is associated with kidney toxicity and damage, which may be reduced by glutathione administration.68 , 69 , 70 , 71 Nerve damage is another frequent complication of high amounts of cisplatin. Preliminary evidence has shown that glutathione injections may protect nerve tissue during cisplatin therapy without reducing cisplatin’s anti-tumor activity.72 , 73 , 74 There is no evidence that glutathione taken by mouth has the same benefits.

    • Reference Floxuridine

      High-dose cisplatin chemotherapy is associated with kidney toxicity and damage, which may be reduced by glutathione administration.75 , 76 , 77 , 78 Nerve damage is another frequent complication of high amounts of cisplatin. Preliminary evidence has shown that glutathione injections may protect nerve tissue during cisplatin therapy without reducing cisplatin’s anti-tumor activity.79 , 80 , 81 There is no evidence that glutathione taken by mouth has the same benefits.

    • Reference Fludarabine

      High-dose cisplatin chemotherapy is associated with kidney toxicity and damage, which may be reduced by glutathione administration.82 , 83 , 84 , 85 Nerve damage is another frequent complication of high amounts of cisplatin. Preliminary evidence has shown that glutathione injections may protect nerve tissue during cisplatin therapy without reducing cisplatin’s anti-tumor activity.86 , 87 , 88 There is no evidence that glutathione taken by mouth has the same benefits.

    • Reference Fluorouracil

      Chemotherapy can injure cancer cells by creating oxidative damage. As a result, some oncologists recommend that patients avoid supplementing antioxidants if they are undergoing chemotherapy. Limited test tube research occasionally does support the idea that an antioxidant can interfere with oxidative damage to cancer cells.89 However, most scientific research does not support this supposition.

      A modified form of Reference vitamin A has been reported to work synergistically with chemotherapy in test tube research.90 Reference Vitamin C appears to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy in animals91 and with human breast cancer cells in test tube research.92 In a double-blind study, Japanese researchers found that the combination of Reference vitamin E, vitamin C, and Reference N-acetyl cysteine (NAC)—all antioxidants—protected against chemotherapy-induced heart damage without interfering with the action of the chemotherapy.93

      A comprehensive review of antioxidants and chemotherapy leaves open the question of whether supplemental antioxidants definitely help people with chemotherapy side effects, but the article strongly suggests that antioxidants need not be avoided for fear that the actions of chemotherapy would be interfered with.94

      A new formulation of Reference selenium (Seleno-Kappacarrageenan) was found to reduce kidney damage and white blood cell–lowering effects of Reference cisplatin in one human study. However, the level used in this study (4,000 mcg per day) is potentially toxic and should only be used under the supervision of a doctor.95

      Reference Glutathione , the main antioxidant found within cells, is frequently depleted in individuals on chemotherapy and/or radiation. Preliminary studies have found that intravenously injected glutathione may decrease some of the adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiation, such as Reference diarrhea.96

    • Reference Hydroxyurea

      High-dose cisplatin chemotherapy is associated with kidney toxicity and damage, which may be reduced by glutathione administration.97 , 98 , 99 , 100 Nerve damage is another frequent complication of high amounts of cisplatin. Preliminary evidence has shown that glutathione injections may protect nerve tissue during cisplatin therapy without reducing cisplatin’s anti-tumor activity.101 , 102 , 103 There is no evidence that glutathione taken by mouth has the same benefits.

    • Reference Ifosfamide

      High-dose cisplatin chemotherapy is associated with kidney toxicity and damage, which may be reduced by glutathione administration.104 , 105 , 106 , 107 Nerve damage is another frequent complication of high amounts of cisplatin. Preliminary evidence has shown that glutathione injections may protect nerve tissue during cisplatin therapy without reducing cisplatin’s anti-tumor activity.108 , 109 , 110 There is no evidence that glutathione taken by mouth has the same benefits.

    • Reference Irinotecan

      High-dose cisplatin chemotherapy is associated with kidney toxicity and damage, which may be reduced by glutathione administration.111 , 112 , 113 , 114 Nerve damage is another frequent complication of high amounts of cisplatin. Preliminary evidence has shown that glutathione injections may protect nerve tissue during cisplatin therapy without reducing cisplatin’s anti-tumor activity.115 , 116 , 117 There is no evidence that glutathione taken by mouth has the same benefits.

    • Reference Lomustine

      High-dose cisplatin chemotherapy is associated with kidney toxicity and damage, which may be reduced by glutathione administration.118 , 119 , 120 , 121 Nerve damage is another frequent complication of high amounts of cisplatin. Preliminary evidence has shown that glutathione injections may protect nerve tissue during cisplatin therapy without reducing cisplatin’s anti-tumor activity.122 , 123 , 124 There is no evidence that glutathione taken by mouth has the same benefits.

    • Reference Mechlorethamine

      High-dose cisplatin chemotherapy is associated with kidney toxicity and damage, which may be reduced by glutathione administration.125 , 126 , 127 , 128 Nerve damage is another frequent complication of high amounts of cisplatin. Preliminary evidence has shown that glutathione injections may protect nerve tissue during cisplatin therapy without reducing cisplatin’s anti-tumor activity.129 , 130 , 131 There is no evidence that glutathione taken by mouth has the same benefits.

    • Reference Melphalan

      High-dose cisplatin chemotherapy is associated with kidney toxicity and damage, which may be reduced by glutathione administration.132 , 133 , 134 , 135 Nerve damage is another frequent complication of high amounts of cisplatin. Preliminary evidence has shown that glutathione injections may protect nerve tissue during cisplatin therapy without reducing cisplatin’s anti-tumor activity.136 , 137 , 138 There is no evidence that glutathione taken by mouth has the same benefits.

    • Reference Mercaptopurine

      High-dose cisplatin chemotherapy is associated with kidney toxicity and damage, which may be reduced by glutathione administration.139 , 140 , 141 , 142 Nerve damage is another frequent complication of high amounts of cisplatin. Preliminary evidence has shown that glutathione injections may protect nerve tissue during cisplatin therapy without reducing cisplatin’s anti-tumor activity.143 , 144 , 145 There is no evidence that glutathione taken by mouth has the same benefits.

    • Reference Polifeprosan 20 with Carmustine

      High-dose cisplatin chemotherapy is associated with kidney toxicity and damage, which may be reduced by glutathione administration.146 , 147 , 148 , 149 Nerve damage is another frequent complication of high amounts of cisplatin. Preliminary evidence has shown that glutathione injections may protect nerve tissue during cisplatin therapy without reducing cisplatin’s anti-tumor activity.150 , 151 , 152 There is no evidence that glutathione taken by mouth has the same benefits.

    • Reference Thioguanine

      High-dose cisplatin chemotherapy is associated with kidney toxicity and damage, which may be reduced by glutathione administration.153 , 154 , 155 , 156 Nerve damage is another frequent complication of high amounts of cisplatin. Preliminary evidence has shown that glutathione injections may protect nerve tissue during cisplatin therapy without reducing cisplatin’s anti-tumor activity.157 , 158 , 159 There is no evidence that glutathione taken by mouth has the same benefits.

    • Uracil Mustard

      High-dose cisplatin chemotherapy is associated with kidney toxicity and damage, which may be reduced by glutathione administration.160 , 161 , 162 , 163 Nerve damage is another frequent complication of high amounts of cisplatin. Preliminary evidence has shown that glutathione injections may protect nerve tissue during cisplatin therapy without reducing cisplatin’s anti-tumor activity.164 , 165 , 166 There is no evidence that glutathione taken by mouth has the same benefits.

    • Reference Vinblastine

      High-dose cisplatin chemotherapy is associated with kidney toxicity and damage, which may be reduced by glutathione administration.167 , 168 , 169 , 170 Nerve damage is another frequent complication of high amounts of cisplatin. Preliminary evidence has shown that glutathione injections may protect nerve tissue during cisplatin therapy without reducing cisplatin’s anti-tumor activity.171 , 172 , 173 There is no evidence that glutathione taken by mouth has the same benefits.

    • Reference Vincristine

      High-dose cisplatin chemotherapy is associated with kidney toxicity and damage, which may be reduced by glutathione administration.174 , 175 , 176 , 177 Nerve damage is another frequent complication of high amounts of cisplatin. Preliminary evidence has shown that glutathione injections may protect nerve tissue during cisplatin therapy without reducing cisplatin’s anti-tumor activity.178 , 179 , 180 There is no evidence that glutathione taken by mouth has the same benefits.

    The Drug-Nutrient Interactions table may not include every possible interaction. Taking medicines with meals, on an empty stomach, or with alcohol may influence their effects. For details, refer to the manufacturers’ package information as these are not covered in this table. If you take medications, always discuss the potential risks and benefits of adding a supplement with your doctor or pharmacist.

    Side Effects
    At the time of writing, there were no well-known side effects caused by this supplement.

    Related Information
    Glutathione

    References

    1. Garcia-Girlat E, Perdereau B, Brixy F, et al. Preliminary study of glutathione, L-cysteine and anthocyans (Recancostat Compositum™) in metastatic colorectal carcinoma with malnutrition. Seventh International Congress on Anti-cancer Treatment, February 3–6, 1997, Palai des Congrès, Paris, France.

    2. Jones DP, Coates RJ, Flagg EW, et al. Glutathione in foods listed in the National Cancer Institutes Health Habits and History Food Frequency Questionnaire. Nutr Cancer 1995;17:57–75.

    3. White AC, Thannickal VJ, Fanburg BL. Glutathione deficiency in human disease. J Nutr Biochem 1994;5:218–26.

    4. Nobile MT, Vidili MG, Benasso M, et al. A preliminary clinical study of cyclophosphamide with reduced glutathione as uroprotector. Tumori 1989;75:257–8.

    5. Fontanelli R, Spatti G, Raspagliesi F, et al. A preoperative single course of high-dose cisplatin and bleomycin with glutathione protection in bulky stage IB/II carcinoma of the cervix. Ann Oncol 1992;3:117–21.

    6. Plaxe S, Freddo J, Kim S, et al. Phase I trial of cisplatin in combination with glutathione. Gynecol Oncol 1994;55:82–6.

    7. Di Re F, Bohm S, Oriana S, et al. Efficacy and safety of high-dose cisplatin and cyclophosphamide with glutathione protection in the treatment of bulky advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1990;25:355–60.

    8. Tedeschi M, De Cesare A, Oriana S, et al. The role of glutathione in combination with cisplatin in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 1991;18:253–9 [review].

    9. Smyth JF, Bowman A, Perren T, et al. Glutathione reduces the toxicity and improves quality of life of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin: Results of a double-blind, randomised trial. Ann Oncol 1997;8:569–73.

    10. Colombo N, Bini S, Miceli D, et al. Weekly cisplatin ± glutathione in relapsed ovarian carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1995;5:81–6.

    11. Cascinu S, Cordella L, Del Ferro E, et al. Neuroprotective effect of reduced glutathione on cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:26–32.

    12. Fontanelli R, Spatti G, Raspagliesi F, et al. A preoperative single course of high-dose cisplatin and bleomycin with glutathione protection in bulky stage IB/II carcinoma of the cervix. Ann Oncol 1992;3:117–21.

    13. Plaxe S, Freddo J, Kim S, et al. Phase I trial of cisplatin in combination with glutathione. Gynecol Oncol 1994;55:82–6.

    14. Di Re F, Bohm S, Oriana S, et al. Efficacy and safety of high-dose cisplatin and cyclophosphamide with glutathione protection in the treatment of bulky advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1990;25:355–60.

    15. Tedeschi M, De Cesare A, Oriana S, et al. The role of glutathione in combination with cisplatin in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 1991;18:253–9 [review].

    16. Smyth JF, Bowman A, Perren T, et al. Glutathione reduces the toxicity and improves quality of life of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin: Results of a double-blind, randomised trial. Ann Oncol 1997;8:569–73.

    17. Colombo N, Bini S, Miceli D, et al. Weekly cisplatin ± glutathione in relapsed ovarian carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1995;5:81–6.

    18. Cascinu S, Cordella L, Del Ferro E, et al. Neuroprotective effect of reduced glutathione on cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:26–32.

    19. Fontanelli R, Spatti G, Raspagliesi F, et al. A preoperative single course of high-dose cisplatin and bleomycin with glutathione protection in bulky stage IB/II carcinoma of the cervix. Ann Oncol 1992;3:117–21.

    20. Plaxe S, Freddo J, Kim S, et al. Phase I trial of cisplatin in combination with glutathione. Gynecol Oncol 1994;55:82–6.

    21. Di Re F, Bohm S, Oriana S, et al. Efficacy and safety of high-dose cisplatin and cyclophosphamide with glutathione protection in the treatment of bulky advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1990;25:355–60.

    22. Tedeschi M, De Cesare A, Oriana S, et al. The role of glutathione in combination with cisplatin in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 1991;18:253–9 [review].

    23. Smyth JF, Bowman A, Perren T, et al. Glutathione reduces the toxicity and improves quality of life of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin: Results of a double-blind, randomised trial. Ann Oncol 1997;8:569–73.

    24. Colombo N, Bini S, Miceli D, et al. Weekly cisplatin ± glutathione in relapsed ovarian carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1995;5:81–6.

    25. Cascinu S, Cordella L, Del Ferro E, et al. Neuroprotective effect of reduced glutathione on cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:26–32.

    26. Fontanelli R, Spatti G, Raspagliesi F, et al. A preoperative single course of high-dose cisplatin and bleomycin with glutathione protection in bulky stage IB/II carcinoma of the cervix. Ann Oncol 1992;3:117–21.

    27. Plaxe S, Freddo J, Kim S, et al. Phase I trial of cisplatin in combination with glutathione. Gynecol Oncol 1994;55:82–6.

    28. Di Re F, Bohm S, Oriana S, et al. Efficacy and safety of high-dose cisplatin and cyclophosphamide with glutathione protection in the treatment of bulky advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1990;25:355–60.

    29. Tedeschi M, De Cesare A, Oriana S, et al. The role of glutathione in combination with cisplatin in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 1991;18:253–9 [review].

    30. Smyth JF, Bowman A, Perren T, et al. Glutathione reduces the toxicity and improves quality of life of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin: Results of a double-blind, randomised trial. Ann Oncol 1997;8:569–73.

    31. Colombo N, Bini S, Miceli D, et al. Weekly cisplatin ± glutathione in relapsed ovarian carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1995;5:81–6.

    32. Cascinu S, Cordella L, Del Ferro E, et al. Neuroprotective effect of reduced glutathione on cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:26–32.

    33. Fontanelli R, Spatti G, Raspagliesi F, et al. A preoperative single course of high-dose cisplatin and bleomycin with glutathione protection in bulky stage IB/II carcinoma of the cervix. Ann Oncol 1992;3:117–21.

    34. Plaxe S, Freddo J, Kim S, et al. Phase I trial of cisplatin in combination with glutathione. Gynecol Oncol 1994;55:82–6.

    35. Di Re F, Bohm S, Oriana S, et al. Efficacy and safety of high-dose cisplatin and cyclophosphamide with glutathione protection in the treatment of bulky advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1990;25:355–60.

    36. Tedeschi M, De Cesare A, Oriana S, et al. The role of glutathione in combination with cisplatin in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 1991;18:253–9 [review].

    37. Smyth JF, Bowman A, Perren T, et al. Glutathione reduces the toxicity and improves quality of life of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin: Results of a double-blind, randomised trial. Ann Oncol 1997;8:569–73.

    38. Colombo N, Bini S, Miceli D, et al. Weekly cisplatin ± glutathione in relapsed ovarian carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1995;5:81–6.

    39. Cascinu S, Cordella L, Del Ferro E, et al. Neuroprotective effect of reduced glutathione on cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:26–32.

    40. Fontanelli R, Spatti G, Raspagliesi F, et al. A preoperative single course of high-dose cisplatin and bleomycin with glutathione protection in bulky stage IB/II carcinoma of the cervix. Ann Oncol 1992;3:117–21.

    41. Plaxe S, Freddo J, Kim S, et al. Phase I trial of cisplatin in combination with glutathione. Gynecol Oncol 1994;55:82–6.

    42. Di Re F, Bohm S, Oriana S, et al. Efficacy and safety of high-dose cisplatin and cyclophosphamide with glutathione protection in the treatment of bulky advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1990;25:355–60.

    43. Tedeschi M, De Cesare A, Oriana S, et al. The role of glutathione in combination with cisplatin in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 1991;18:253–9 [review].

    44. Smyth JF, Bowman A, Perren T, et al. Glutathione reduces the toxicity and improves quality of life of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin: Results of a double-blind, randomised trial. Ann Oncol 1997;8:569–73.

    45. Colombo N, Bini S, Miceli D, et al. Weekly cisplatin ± glutathione in relapsed ovarian carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1995;5:81–6.

    46. Cascinu S, Cordella L, Del Ferro E, et al. Neuroprotective effect of reduced glutathione on cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:26–32.

    47. Fontanelli R, Spatti G, Raspagliesi F, et al. A preoperative single course of high-dose cisplatin and bleomycin with glutathione protection in bulky stage IB/II carcinoma of the cervix. Ann Oncol 1992;3:117–21.

    48. Plaxe S, Freddo J, Kim S, et al. Phase I trial of cisplatin in combination with glutathione. Gynecol Oncol 1994;55:82–6.

    49. Di Re F, Bohm S, Oriana S, et al. Efficacy and safety of high-dose cisplatin and cyclophosphamide with glutathione protection in the treatment of bulky advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1990;25:355–60.

    50. Tedeschi M, De Cesare A, Oriana S, et al. The role of glutathione in combination with cisplatin in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 1991;18:253–9 [review].

    51. Smyth JF, Bowman A, Perren T, et al. Glutathione reduces the toxicity and improves quality of life of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin: Results of a double-blind, randomised trial. Ann Oncol 1997;8:569–73.

    52. Colombo N, Bini S, Miceli D, et al. Weekly cisplatin ± glutathione in relapsed ovarian carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1995;5:81–6.

    53. Cascinu S, Cordella L, Del Ferro E, et al. Neuroprotective effect of reduced glutathione on cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:26–32.

    54. Fontanelli R, Spatti G, Raspagliesi F, et al. A preoperative single course of high-dose cisplatin and bleomycin with glutathione protection in bulky stage IB/II carcinoma of the cervix. Ann Oncol 1992;3:117–21.

    55. Plaxe S, Freddo J, Kim S, et al. Phase I trial of cisplatin in combination with glutathione. Gynecol Oncol 1994;55:82–6.

    56. Di Re F, Bohm S, Oriana S, et al. Efficacy and safety of high-dose cisplatin and cyclophosphamide with glutathione protection in the treatment of bulky advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1990;25:355–60.

    57. Tedeschi M, De Cesare A, Oriana S, et al. The role of glutathione in combination with cisplatin in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 1991;18:253–9 [review].

    58. Smyth JF, Bowman A, Perren T, et al. Glutathione reduces the toxicity and improves quality of life of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin: Results of a double-blind, randomised trial. Ann Oncol 1997;8:569–73.

    59. Colombo N, Bini S, Miceli D, et al. Weekly cisplatin ± glutathione in relapsed ovarian carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1995;5:81–6.

    60. Cascinu S, Cordella L, Del Ferro E, et al. Neuroprotective effect of reduced glutathione on cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:26–32.

    61. Fontanelli R, Spatti G, Raspagliesi F, et al. A preoperative single course of high-dose cisplatin and bleomycin with glutathione protection in bulky stage IB/II carcinoma of the cervix. Ann Oncol 1992;3:117–21.

    62. Plaxe S, Freddo J, Kim S, et al. Phase I trial of cisplatin in combination with glutathione. Gynecol Oncol 1994;55:82–6.

    63. Di Re F, Bohm S, Oriana S, et al. Efficacy and safety of high-dose cisplatin and cyclophosphamide with glutathione protection in the treatment of bulky advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1990;25:355–60.

    64. Tedeschi M, De Cesare A, Oriana S, et al. The role of glutathione in combination with cisplatin in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 1991;18:253–9 [review].

    65. Smyth JF, Bowman A, Perren T, et al. Glutathione reduces the toxicity and improves quality of life of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin: Results of a double-blind, randomised trial. Ann Oncol 1997;8:569–73.

    66. Colombo N, Bini S, Miceli D, et al. Weekly cisplatin ± glutathione in relapsed ovarian carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1995;5:81–6.

    67. Cascinu S, Cordella L, Del Ferro E, et al. Neuroprotective effect of reduced glutathione on cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:26–32.

    68. Fontanelli R, Spatti G, Raspagliesi F, et al. A preoperative single course of high-dose cisplatin and bleomycin with glutathione protection in bulky stage IB/II carcinoma of the cervix. Ann Oncol 1992;3:117–21.

    69. Plaxe S, Freddo J, Kim S, et al. Phase I trial of cisplatin in combination with glutathione. Gynecol Oncol 1994;55:82–6.

    70. Di Re F, Bohm S, Oriana S, et al. Efficacy and safety of high-dose cisplatin and cyclophosphamide with glutathione protection in the treatment of bulky advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1990;25:355–60.

    71. Tedeschi M, De Cesare A, Oriana S, et al. The role of glutathione in combination with cisplatin in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 1991;18:253–9 [review].

    72. Smyth JF, Bowman A, Perren T, et al. Glutathione reduces the toxicity and improves quality of life of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin: Results of a double-blind, randomised trial. Ann Oncol 1997;8:569–73.

    73. Colombo N, Bini S, Miceli D, et al. Weekly cisplatin ± glutathione in relapsed ovarian carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1995;5:81–6.

    74. Cascinu S, Cordella L, Del Ferro E, et al. Neuroprotective effect of reduced glutathione on cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:26–32.

    75. Fontanelli R, Spatti G, Raspagliesi F, et al. A preoperative single course of high-dose cisplatin and bleomycin with glutathione protection in bulky stage IB/II carcinoma of the cervix. Ann Oncol 1992;3:117–21.

    76. Plaxe S, Freddo J, Kim S, et al. Phase I trial of cisplatin in combination with glutathione. Gynecol Oncol 1994;55:82–6.

    77. Di Re F, Bohm S, Oriana S, et al. Efficacy and safety of high-dose cisplatin and cyclophosphamide with glutathione protection in the treatment of bulky advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1990;25:355–60.

    78. Tedeschi M, De Cesare A, Oriana S, et al. The role of glutathione in combination with cisplatin in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 1991;18:253–9 [review].

    79. Smyth JF, Bowman A, Perren T, et al. Glutathione reduces the toxicity and improves quality of life of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin: Results of a double-blind, randomised trial. Ann Oncol 1997;8:569–73.

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    81. Cascinu S, Cordella L, Del Ferro E, et al. Neuroprotective effect of reduced glutathione on cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:26–32.

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    110. Cascinu S, Cordella L, Del Ferro E, et al. Neuroprotective effect of reduced glutathione on cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:26–32.

    111. Fontanelli R, Spatti G, Raspagliesi F, et al. A preoperative single course of high-dose cisplatin and bleomycin with glutathione protection in bulky stage IB/II carcinoma of the cervix. Ann Oncol 1992;3:117–21.

    112. Plaxe S, Freddo J, Kim S, et al. Phase I trial of cisplatin in combination with glutathione. Gynecol Oncol 1994;55:82–6.

    113. Di Re F, Bohm S, Oriana S, et al. Efficacy and safety of high-dose cisplatin and cyclophosphamide with glutathione protection in the treatment of bulky advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1990;25:355–60.

    114. Tedeschi M, De Cesare A, Oriana S, et al. The role of glutathione in combination with cisplatin in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 1991;18:253–9 [review].

    115. Smyth JF, Bowman A, Perren T, et al. Glutathione reduces the toxicity and improves quality of life of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin: Results of a double-blind, randomised trial. Ann Oncol 1997;8:569–73.

    116. Colombo N, Bini S, Miceli D, et al. Weekly cisplatin ± glutathione in relapsed ovarian carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1995;5:81–6.

    117. Cascinu S, Cordella L, Del Ferro E, et al. Neuroprotective effect of reduced glutathione on cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:26–32.

    118. Fontanelli R, Spatti G, Raspagliesi F, et al. A preoperative single course of high-dose cisplatin and bleomycin with glutathione protection in bulky stage IB/II carcinoma of the cervix. Ann Oncol 1992;3:117–21.

    119. Plaxe S, Freddo J, Kim S, et al. Phase I trial of cisplatin in combination with glutathione. Gynecol Oncol 1994;55:82–6.

    120. Di Re F, Bohm S, Oriana S, et al. Efficacy and safety of high-dose cisplatin and cyclophosphamide with glutathione protection in the treatment of bulky advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1990;25:355–60.

    121. Tedeschi M, De Cesare A, Oriana S, et al. The role of glutathione in combination with cisplatin in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 1991;18:253–9 [review].

    122. Smyth JF, Bowman A, Perren T, et al. Glutathione reduces the toxicity and improves quality of life of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin: Results of a double-blind, randomised trial. Ann Oncol 1997;8:569–73.

    123. Colombo N, Bini S, Miceli D, et al. Weekly cisplatin ± glutathione in relapsed ovarian carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1995;5:81–6.

    124. Cascinu S, Cordella L, Del Ferro E, et al. Neuroprotective effect of reduced glutathione on cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:26–32.

    125. Fontanelli R, Spatti G, Raspagliesi F, et al. A preoperative single course of high-dose cisplatin and bleomycin with glutathione protection in bulky stage IB/II carcinoma of the cervix. Ann Oncol 1992;3:117–21.

    126. Plaxe S, Freddo J, Kim S, et al. Phase I trial of cisplatin in combination with glutathione. Gynecol Oncol 1994;55:82–6.

    127. Di Re F, Bohm S, Oriana S, et al. Efficacy and safety of high-dose cisplatin and cyclophosphamide with glutathione protection in the treatment of bulky advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1990;25:355–60.

    128. Tedeschi M, De Cesare A, Oriana S, et al. The role of glutathione in combination with cisplatin in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 1991;18:253–9 [review].

    129. Smyth JF, Bowman A, Perren T, et al. Glutathione reduces the toxicity and improves quality of life of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin: Results of a double-blind, randomised trial. Ann Oncol 1997;8:569–73.

    130. Colombo N, Bini S, Miceli D, et al. Weekly cisplatin ± glutathione in relapsed ovarian carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1995;5:81–6.

    131. Cascinu S, Cordella L, Del Ferro E, et al. Neuroprotective effect of reduced glutathione on cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:26–32.

    132. Fontanelli R, Spatti G, Raspagliesi F, et al. A preoperative single course of high-dose cisplatin and bleomycin with glutathione protection in bulky stage IB/II carcinoma of the cervix. Ann Oncol 1992;3:117–21.

    133. Plaxe S, Freddo J, Kim S, et al. Phase I trial of cisplatin in combination with glutathione. Gynecol Oncol 1994;55:82–6.

    134. Di Re F, Bohm S, Oriana S, et al. Efficacy and safety of high-dose cisplatin and cyclophosphamide with glutathione protection in the treatment of bulky advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1990;25:355–60.

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    136. Smyth JF, Bowman A, Perren T, et al. Glutathione reduces the toxicity and improves quality of life of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin: Results of a double-blind, randomised trial. Ann Oncol 1997;8:569–73.

    137. Colombo N, Bini S, Miceli D, et al. Weekly cisplatin ± glutathione in relapsed ovarian carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1995;5:81–6.

    138. Cascinu S, Cordella L, Del Ferro E, et al. Neuroprotective effect of reduced glutathione on cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:26–32.

    139. Fontanelli R, Spatti G, Raspagliesi F, et al. A preoperative single course of high-dose cisplatin and bleomycin with glutathione protection in bulky stage IB/II carcinoma of the cervix. Ann Oncol 1992;3:117–21.

    140. Plaxe S, Freddo J, Kim S, et al. Phase I trial of cisplatin in combination with glutathione. Gynecol Oncol 1994;55:82–6.

    141. Di Re F, Bohm S, Oriana S, et al. Efficacy and safety of high-dose cisplatin and cyclophosphamide with glutathione protection in the treatment of bulky advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1990;25:355–60.

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    143. Smyth JF, Bowman A, Perren T, et al. Glutathione reduces the toxicity and improves quality of life of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin: Results of a double-blind, randomised trial. Ann Oncol 1997;8:569–73.

    144. Colombo N, Bini S, Miceli D, et al. Weekly cisplatin ± glutathione in relapsed ovarian carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1995;5:81–6.

    145. Cascinu S, Cordella L, Del Ferro E, et al. Neuroprotective effect of reduced glutathione on cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:26–32.

    146. Fontanelli R, Spatti G, Raspagliesi F, et al. A preoperative single course of high-dose cisplatin and bleomycin with glutathione protection in bulky stage IB/II carcinoma of the cervix. Ann Oncol 1992;3:117–21.

    147. Plaxe S, Freddo J, Kim S, et al. Phase I trial of cisplatin in combination with glutathione. Gynecol Oncol 1994;55:82–6.

    148. Di Re F, Bohm S, Oriana S, et al. Efficacy and safety of high-dose cisplatin and cyclophosphamide with glutathione protection in the treatment of bulky advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1990;25:355–60.

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    150. Smyth JF, Bowman A, Perren T, et al. Glutathione reduces the toxicity and improves quality of life of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin: Results of a double-blind, randomised trial. Ann Oncol 1997;8:569–73.

    151. Colombo N, Bini S, Miceli D, et al. Weekly cisplatin ± glutathione in relapsed ovarian carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1995;5:81–6.

    152. Cascinu S, Cordella L, Del Ferro E, et al. Neuroprotective effect of reduced glutathione on cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:26–32.

    153. Fontanelli R, Spatti G, Raspagliesi F, et al. A preoperative single course of high-dose cisplatin and bleomycin with glutathione protection in bulky stage IB/II carcinoma of the cervix. Ann Oncol 1992;3:117–21.

    154. Plaxe S, Freddo J, Kim S, et al. Phase I trial of cisplatin in combination with glutathione. Gynecol Oncol 1994;55:82–6.

    155. Di Re F, Bohm S, Oriana S, et al. Efficacy and safety of high-dose cisplatin and cyclophosphamide with glutathione protection in the treatment of bulky advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1990;25:355–60.

    156. Tedeschi M, De Cesare A, Oriana S, et al. The role of glutathione in combination with cisplatin in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 1991;18:253–9 [review].

    157. Smyth JF, Bowman A, Perren T, et al. Glutathione reduces the toxicity and improves quality of life of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin: Results of a double-blind, randomised trial. Ann Oncol 1997;8:569–73.

    158. Colombo N, Bini S, Miceli D, et al. Weekly cisplatin ± glutathione in relapsed ovarian carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1995;5:81–6.

    159. Cascinu S, Cordella L, Del Ferro E, et al. Neuroprotective effect of reduced glutathione on cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:26–32.

    160. Fontanelli R, Spatti G, Raspagliesi F, et al. A preoperative single course of high-dose cisplatin and bleomycin with glutathione protection in bulky stage IB/II carcinoma of the cervix. Ann Oncol 1992;3:117–21.

    161. Plaxe S, Freddo J, Kim S, et al. Phase I trial of cisplatin in combination with glutathione. Gynecol Oncol 1994;55:82–6.

    162. Di Re F, Bohm S, Oriana S, et al. Efficacy and safety of high-dose cisplatin and cyclophosphamide with glutathione protection in the treatment of bulky advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1990;25:355–60.

    163. Tedeschi M, De Cesare A, Oriana S, et al. The role of glutathione in combination with cisplatin in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 1991;18:253–9 [review].

    164. Smyth JF, Bowman A, Perren T, et al. Glutathione reduces the toxicity and improves quality of life of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin: Results of a double-blind, randomised trial. Ann Oncol 1997;8:569–73.

    165. Colombo N, Bini S, Miceli D, et al. Weekly cisplatin ± glutathione in relapsed ovarian carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1995;5:81–6.

    166. Cascinu S, Cordella L, Del Ferro E, et al. Neuroprotective effect of reduced glutathione on cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:26–32.

    167. Fontanelli R, Spatti G, Raspagliesi F, et al. A preoperative single course of high-dose cisplatin and bleomycin with glutathione protection in bulky stage IB/II carcinoma of the cervix. Ann Oncol 1992;3:117–21.

    168. Plaxe S, Freddo J, Kim S, et al. Phase I trial of cisplatin in combination with glutathione. Gynecol Oncol 1994;55:82–6.

    169. Di Re F, Bohm S, Oriana S, et al. Efficacy and safety of high-dose cisplatin and cyclophosphamide with glutathione protection in the treatment of bulky advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1990;25:355–60.

    170. Tedeschi M, De Cesare A, Oriana S, et al. The role of glutathione in combination with cisplatin in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 1991;18:253–9 [review].

    171. Smyth JF, Bowman A, Perren T, et al. Glutathione reduces the toxicity and improves quality of life of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin: Results of a double-blind, randomised trial. Ann Oncol 1997;8:569–73.

    172. Colombo N, Bini S, Miceli D, et al. Weekly cisplatin ± glutathione in relapsed ovarian carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1995;5:81–6.

    173. Cascinu S, Cordella L, Del Ferro E, et al. Neuroprotective effect of reduced glutathione on cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:26–32.

    174. Fontanelli R, Spatti G, Raspagliesi F, et al. A preoperative single course of high-dose cisplatin and bleomycin with glutathione protection in bulky stage IB/II carcinoma of the cervix. Ann Oncol 1992;3:117–21.

    175. Plaxe S, Freddo J, Kim S, et al. Phase I trial of cisplatin in combination with glutathione. Gynecol Oncol 1994;55:82–6.

    176. Di Re F, Bohm S, Oriana S, et al. Efficacy and safety of high-dose cisplatin and cyclophosphamide with glutathione protection in the treatment of bulky advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1990;25:355–60.

    177. Tedeschi M, De Cesare A, Oriana S, et al. The role of glutathione in combination with cisplatin in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 1991;18:253–9 [review].

    178. Smyth JF, Bowman A, Perren T, et al. Glutathione reduces the toxicity and improves quality of life of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin: Results of a double-blind, randomised trial. Ann Oncol 1997;8:569–73.

    179. Colombo N, Bini S, Miceli D, et al. Weekly cisplatin ± glutathione in relapsed ovarian carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1995;5:81–6.

    180. Cascinu S, Cordella L, Del Ferro E, et al. Neuroprotective effect of reduced glutathione on cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:26–32.

    Last Review: 11-07-2012

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