Nutritional Effects of Refining and Enrichment on Wheat and Rice

Table 1. Effects of Refining and Enrichment on Wheat and Rice. [1]

 

Wheat

Rice

Whole

Refined

Enriched

Whole

Refined

Enriched

Food energy

100% 107% 107% 100% 99% 99%

Carbohydrates

100% 105% 105% 100% 104% 104%

Fiber

100% 22% 22% 100% 37% 37%

Protein

100% 75% 75% 100% 90% 90%

Thiamin (B 1)

100% 27% 176% 100% 17% 144%

Riboflavin (B 2)

100% 19% 230% 100% 53% 53%

Niacin (B 3)

100% 20% 93% 100% 31% 82%

Pantothenic Acid (B 5)

100% 43% 43% 100% 68% 68%

Pyridoxine (B 6)

100% 13% 13% 100% 32% 32%

Folate (B 9)

100% 59% 350% 100% 40% 1155%

Vitamin E

100% 5% 5% 100% 18% 18%

Calcium

100% 44% 44% 100% 100% 100%

Iron

100% 30% 120% 100% 54% 293%

Magnesium

100% 16% 16% 100% 17% 17%

Phosphorus

100% 31% 31% 100% 35% 35%

Potassium

100% 26% 26% 100% 52% 52%

Sodium

100% 40% 40% 100% 71% 71%

Zinc

100% 24% 24% 100% 29% 29%

Copper

100% 38% 38% 100% 79% 79%

Manganese

100% 18% 18% 100% 29% 29%

Selenium

100% 48% 48% 100% 65% 65%
  1. ^USDA Standard Reference 17 Food Nutrient Database


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